Notes for Civils Services Exam 2021(Prelims) for
G.S.PAPER
SUBJECT : ANCIENT INDIAN HISTORY
Notes Prepared by P.Potayya Sarma,MA,LLB,PGDIRPM
Articles
Contributor for : Yojana (Telugu) &
Andhra Jyothi
(Viceroy:
Incharge)
Valanadu or KOTTAM (Division)
Nadu (Districts)
In case of District In
case of Town
(Assembly
is called as) (Assembly is called as)
NATTAR NAGATTAR
Gram
(Kurram)
Ur (Assembly) Sabha
or Nagaram (Assembly)
A general assembly Mahasabha
normally in trading centres alone
of a village
Executive Committee Neruguri
Alunganattar Members are
Called as Perumakkal
Executive
officials are
Called as Variyars.
Executive committee is called as ‘Variyam’
1)Uttarmerur inscription of
Dantivarman Pallava and Parantaka I have thrown sufficient light on the local
self-government of the Cholas.
2)Alunganattur was the executive
committee of Ur
3)The Maha Sabha (Perunguri)
members are known as Perumakkal.
4)The Sabha was also known as
‘Neruguri’.
5)”Variyars’ were the executive
officials of the Sabha. The executive committee was also called as ‘Variyam’.
6)The memers were not paid any
salary.
7)For the purpose of election, the
area was dividied into 30 wards or
‘Kudumbus’.
Election for each ward was done by
the lots or ‘Kudavolai’ for a year.
8)’Vyavasthal ‘ were the
resolutions of the Assembly
9)The Sabha possessed proprietary
right over communal lands.
10)Sabha had control over private
lands
11)Sabha helped in the assessment
of land revenue
12)Saha reclaimed waste lands
13)Sabha maintained roads, tanks
etc.
14) 1/6th of crop was
paid as tax.
Committees:-
1)Samastavariyam : It is the annual committee
2)Totta variyam:: Garden committee
3)Eri Variyam : Tank Committee
4)Pon Variyam : Gold committee
5)Udasin Variyam : Committee of ascetics
6) Nyayattar : Judicial Committee (
It is in Maha Sabha )
THE CHOLAS ( 850 – 1279 )
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Vijayalaya 850 AD Occupied :
Tanjore. Made his capital |
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Parantaka I 907 – 953 AD |
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Raja Raja I
(985-1014) |
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Sri Vijaya |
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Rajendra
(1014-1044) succeeded Raja Raja I |
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Rajadhi Raja I
(1044-1054) |
Rajendra II 1052 – 1064 |
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Veer Rajendra (1062 – 1069) |
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Adhi Rajendra (1067
- 1070 ) |
Rajendra III (or) Kullutunga I (1070-1120) |
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1)In 850 AD Vijayalaya captured
Tanjore from the Pallavas.
He was a feudatory of the Pallavas
He took titles of Tanjai Konda and
Parkesri and built a Durga temple in Tanjore
2)Parantaka I was also called Madurai Konda.
In the battle of Vellore he
defeated the combined armies of Pandyas and Singhals and captured Madurai
In the battle of Takkolam, the
combined armies of Rashtrakutas and the Gangas defeated Parantaka I
Uttaramallur village got self –governance, as per his
inscription. ‘VAriyams’ were constituted.
His empire upto Nellore in the
North.
He constructed temple at Tondaimand
3)Raja Raja I (985-1014) adopted the titles of Armolivaraman, Mumadi
Chodadeva, Jaykonda, Martand Chola, Mumadi Chola, Keralanath, Singhalatank,
Pandkulashini etc.
He built the Brihadeshwar Shiva
temple in Tanjore, which is also called Rajarajeshwar temple.
During his reign, the ruler of
Srivijaya built a Vihara at Nagapattanam.
He conquered Madura, Kudamalainadu
or Coorg. He entered Udagai.
He annexed Northern Ceylon, Sacked
Anuradhapura. Ponannaruva is his capital of Ceylon.
Constructed Siva Devale
Conquered Gangavadi, Tadigaivadi,
Notambavadi.
He had the land surveyed and
reorganized the revenue system.
His position confined to the South
of Tungabhadra ( He defeated Western Chalukyas, sometimes).
Raja Raja I interfered in the
affairs of Eastern Chalukyas. He helped Saktivarman to secure throne.
Raja Raja’s daughter was married to
the younger brother of Saktivarman.
Ultimately, this marriage paved th
way for the union of Cholas and the Chalukyas.
Raja Raja conquered Kalinga. He
also conquered Maldives.
In 1000 AD he started land survey.
He encouraged local self –
government.
Rajaraajeswara temple at Tanjore
construdcted. Completed in 1010 AD.
Constructed Vishnu temples.
Co-operated for the construction of
Chudamani Vihara.
Raja Raja I the Great, daughter
Kundavva is married to Eastern Chalukya king Vimaladitya.
4)Rajendra I (1014-1044) succeeded Rajaraja I. He completed the victory over
Ceylon.
He had an expedition to the north
and defeated the Pala ruler Mahipala I.
He assumed the title of
‘Gangaikonda” and established a new capital named Gangaikondacholapuram .
He built a Shiva temple here and
excavated a tank called ‘Codagarg’.
He also defeated theShailendra or
Srivijya King Vijayatungavarman.
He assumed the title of pandit,
Chola, Mudikonda Chola, Gangaikonda Chola etc.He had allowed Vijayatungavarman
of the Shailendra dynasty to built the Chudamani Vihar at Nagapattanam.
He sent several embassies to China.
He found new capital at Gangaikoda
– Cholapuram.
His daughter Ammangidevi was
married to Raja Raja I of Easter Chalukya
5) Rajadhiraja I ( 1044-1054) sacked Kalyani and planted a Jayastambha at
Yadgir.
He had his Virabhishekha and
assumed the title of Vijay Rajendra.
He died in the battlefield while
fighting in the battle of Koppam against Someshwar I Ahvamalla, the Western
Chalukyan King.
He is called as Jayakonda Chola.
(From 1012 to 1044 Yuvaraja. ) (He was King from 1044 to 1054).
Died in battle field at Koppam.
6) Rajendra II ( 1052 – 1064 AD ) defeated
Someshwar.
He was crowned in the battle field.
Someshwar drowned himself to death.
He planted a Jayasthambha in
Kolhapur.
Daughter of Rajendra II is Madhurantaki. She is married Eastern Chalukya king .
7) Veer Rajendra defeated Someshwar II and established a Vedic college
of learning.
8) Adhirajendra had a to face many rebellions and he
died while suppressing one of them. Thus the line founded by Vijayalaya ended
with Adhirajendra.
9) The next king belonged to Eastern Chalukyuas of Vengi.
He was Kullotunga I. (1070 – 1120 AD)
He united the EasternChalukyas of
Vengi and the Cholas. Hence the subsequent history is known as Chola-Chalukyan history.
10) Kullotunga I (1070-1120) discarded wars and worked for peace.
He was called Sangam Tavritta or
abolisher of tolls.
He liberated Sri Lanka.
In 1077 he sent an embassy to
China.
The noted writer Kamban adorned his
court. Kamban wrote Ramayan in Tamil in 1th Century A.D.
11)Vikrama Chola (1120 – 1135 AD) :
He recofered Kolar and some other parts of Gangavadi.
12) The Cholas were supplanted by
Pandyas of Madurai.
Chola Art:
i)Cholas developed the Dravidian
style and almost perfected it.
ii)Artificial lake near Gangai
Konda Cholapuram built by Rajendrachola I
iii)Dams across the Kaveri and
other rivers
iv)Chola cities were elaborately
planned . The centre of the city was the temple.
v)Raja Raja, the Great buktl a
temple at Tanjore known as Brihadeeswara Temple, also known as Rajaa Rajeswara
temple. In 1003 AD construction started
and completed in 1010 AD.
Vi ) In 1025 AD Rajendra Chola
built new capital at Gangai Konda Cholapuram , and therein a temple was also
built.
vii) Kamban poet lived during the
period of Kulottunga Chola II ( 1135 – 1150 AD ).
CHOLA TERMINOLOGY
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Perundaram |
Higher officials |
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Sirtaram |
Lower officials |
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Olainayamak |
Chief Secretary |
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Dharmasanam |
Court of Justice |
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Vari |
Revenue department |
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Kadmal |
Land Tax ( 1/6 th ) |
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Kasu |
Gold Coins |
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Kal Kollas |
Men with strong arms |
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Sengundars |
Spear weilders |
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Velaikkaras |
King’s body guard |
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Nattar |
Dominant peasant caste |
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Idangal |
Left hand castes |
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Valangal |
Right hand castes |
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Devasasanas |
Document recording |
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Gifts |
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Kurinji |
Hill |
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Palai |
Dryland |
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Mullai |
Jungle |
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Marudam |
Plains |
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Neydal |
Coastal lands |
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Kovalar or Ayar |
Shepherds |
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Vedar |
Hunters |
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Padaiyaccar |
Artisans |
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Pulaiyans |
Fishermen |
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Nadu |
Agricultural land |
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Kalam |
Unit of Measurement |
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Kadu |
Forest land not suited to agriculture |
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Vellalas |
Rich peasants |
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