PERIMETER AND AREA (for CSAT-II Paper)

PERIMETER AND AREA

1)A square piece of ground is 65 meters long. The cost of fencing it around with 5 lines of wire at the rate of Rs.1.35 per metre is

a) Rs.1755   b) Rs.1355   c) Rs.1300   d) Rs.250         Ans: a

2) A rectangular garden is 82 metres by 68 metres. Sita walks round it at the rate of 2.5 km per hour. Then time taken by Sita in making five rounds is

a) 60 minutes  b) 45 minutes  c) 36 minutes  d) 20 minutes       Ans:c

3) ABCD is  a Parallelogram whose area is 150 cm .  The distance between AB and DC is 10 cm and distance between BC and AD is 15 cm. The perimeter of the parallelogram is

25 cm   b) 50 cm  c) 52 cm  d) None of the above       Ans:b

4) Perimeter of a square, whose side is a,  is

a) 2 a ²     b) 4a   c) a²    d) 4 a²

Ans:b

5) Length of a diagonal of a rectangle whose sides are a and b is

a)      ab    b) a²   b²     c)             d ) None of the above

Ans:d

6) A rectangular park is 65 m long and 50 m wide. Two cross paths each 2 m wide are to be constructed parallel to the sides. If these paths pas through the centre of the  rectangle and cost of construction is Rs.17.25 per sq. meter, the total cost of the construction of the path is

a) Rs.400    b) Rs.3898  c) Rs.4000.50  d) Rs.3898.50

Ans:d

7) The area of a regular hexagon of side 2 a is

a)      3           b)   6          c) 6 a ²         d)      3  

Ans: b

8) ABC is a triangle and AD is one of its medians. If E is the mid-point of the median AD, then area of    AEB is equal to

a)      ¼     Area of        ABC

b)       ½    Area of        ABC

c)          ¾  Area of     ABC

d)          ⅔  Area of      ABC

Ans: a

9) The length of the diagonal of a square whose area is 24200 m²    is

a) 110 m   b) 242 m   c) 220 m   d) 200 m    Ans:c

10) A lawn of 150 m long and 120m broad has a path 5 m wide inside running round it. The cost of covering the path with stone at 45 paise per square metre is

a) Rs.1100    b) Rs.1500   c) Rs.1170   d) Rs.500    Ans: c

11) The length and breadth of a room are in the ratio of 5: 3    .   The cost of white washing the walls at the rate of 10 paise per sq m is Rs.16  .  If height is 5m then the length and breadth are

a)      3m  ,  2m      b) 10m, 6 m      c) 15m, 6m     d) 10m  , 5 m

Ans: b

12) A room is 5.5 m long, 4 m broad  and 4.5 m high. The cost of papering its walls and ceiling at 20p per sq. m is

a) Rs.20.00   b) Rs.10.50  c) Rs.21.50   d) None of the above

Ans:c

13) A room is 21 dm long, 14dm broad and 12 dm high.  It has two doors  each 8 dm   x 4 ½ dm   and 3 windows each 6dm x .5 dm.   The cost of whitewashing the walls at 5 paise  per sq. dm is

a) Rs.50   b) Rs.35   c) Rs.35.25   d) Rs.15

Ans:c

14)  The cost of leveling a rectangular field at 25 p per sq m is Rs.300 . It sides are in the ratio 4:3 . The cost of fencing it at 18 paise per metre is

a) Rs.25.20  b) Rs.15.00  c) Rs.15.20   d) Rs.25.00  Ans:a

15) The least number of a equal square slabs that can be fitted in a verandah 10.5m long and 3 m wide is

a) 15   b) 14    c) 13   d) 12  Ans:b

16) The length of a room exceeds its breadth by 15dm and its perimeter is 150 dm .  The cost of carpeting it at Rs.2.50/ sq m is

a)Rs.33.00   b) Rs.33.75  c) Rs.23.00    d) Rs.23.75

Ans:b

17) It costs Rs.156 to carpet a room2.8m braod with carpet 56cm wide atg 80 paise per metre. The length of the room is

a) 50m   b) 30m  c) 39m  d) 29m

Ans:c

18) The cost of papering the walls of a hall at 35 paise per square metre is Rs.157.50. The height of the hall is 5m.  The length and the breadth of the hall if they are in the ratio  3: 2  are

a) 15m, 10m   b) 24m, 16m       c) 27m, 18m  d) 12m , 8 m

Ans:c

19) The internal length, breadth and height of an open box are 85cm, 65cm and 72.5 cm respectively. The cost of painting the outside of the box leaving its bottom at 60 paise per square decimeter , if the wood is 25mm thick, is

a) Rs.72   b) Rs.144  c) Rs.70   d) None of the above

Ans:b

20) The non-parallel sides of atrapezium are 11cm and 15cm and its parallel sides are 13cm and 25cm.  The area of the trapeziumis nearly

a) 209.76 sq.cm    b) 103 sq.cm    c) 220 sq. cm     d) 125 sq.cm

Ans:a

21) The cost of decorating the walls and ceiling of a room 18dm long , 16dm broad and 14dm high with a paper 1dm 4cm wide at the rate of 4 paise per decimeter when a deduction of 85 sq dm is allowed for doors is

a) Rs.25   b) 30 30   c) 23    d) None of the above

Ans:d

22) There are as many square metres in the area of an equilateral triangle as threre are metres in its perimeter. Its side is

a) 6.9m  b) 6.93 m   c) 3.9 m   d) 3.92

Ans:b

23) The perimeter of a right-angled triangle measures 60cm and the hypotenuse measures 25cm. The other two sides are

a) 10cm, 15cm    b) 20cm, 10cm   c) 20cm, 15cm  d) 10cm, 10cm

Ans:c

24) The lengths of the diagonals of the rhombus are 8cm and 6cm. Area of the rhombus is

a) 42 sq. cm  b) 24sq cm    c) 14 sq cm    d) None of the above

Ans:b

25) The cross section of a canal is a trapezium.   If the canal is 10m wide at the top, 6m wide at the bottom and the area of cross-section is 72 sq. m, its depth is

a) 5m  b)_ 9 m  c) 8m  d) 4m

Ans:b

26) The parallel sides of a trapezium are 24cm and 52cm and the other sides are 26cm and 30cm. The area of the trapezium is

a) 900 sq.cm  b)800 sq.cm  c) 1016 sq.cm   d) 700 sq.cm

Ans:c

27) The perimeter of a regular hexagon of side a metres is

a)         8a       b) 6a     c) 3a    d) None of these

b)      Ans:b

28) A room 5 m long and 4m wide is surrounded by a verandah.  The width of the verandah, if it occupies 22 sq. metres, is

a) 0.5 metre   b) 1.0 metre  c) 1.5 metre   d) 2.0 metre

Ans:b

29) A table cover 3.5 x 1.5 m is spread on a table. The cost of the top of the table at Rs.2.50 per sq m if 25cm table cover is hanging all round the table is

a) Rs.15.00  b) Rs.7.00   c) Rs.7.50   d) Rs.10.00

Ans:c

30) A road 3 m  wide running all round a square garden has an area of 396 sq.metres.   The area of the part of the garden enclosed by the road is

a) 1000 sq.metres     b) Rs.900 sq metres    c) 400 sq.metres   d) 700 sq.meters

Ans:b

  

President of India Election 2017

The presidential election on Monday recorded probably the highest ever turnout of over 99%, with all eligible voters casting their ballots in at least 10 States and one Union Territory.

The election was conducted at 32 polling stations, including in Parliament and the State Assemblies. Presidential Election Returning Officer and Lok Sabha Secretary General Anoop Mishra said reports on voting percentages from Andhra Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Manipur and Tripura were yet to be added.

Three Members of Parliament — Tapas Paul, Anbumani Ramadoss and Rama Chandra Hansdah — did not vote. DMK chief M. Karunanidhi and Sikkim MLA Sher Bahadur Subedi could not vote for health reasons.

Chhedi Paswan, BJP MP from Sasaram in Bihar, could not vote as his election was quashed by the Patna High Court last year. Even though the order has been stayed by the Supreme Court, he does not have voting rights.

As two seats are vacant both in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, and one MP did not have the right to vote, a total of 771 MPs were eligible for participating in the election process. In all, 714 of them cast their votes in Parliament, while 42 MPs voted in the West Bengal Assembly.

When asked, Mr. Mishra confirmed that Prime Minister Narendra Modi was the first MP to reach the polling station and cast his vote in Parliament.

Ballot boxes reach Delhi

While ballot boxes from nine State Assemblies reached the national capital by Monday evening, the rest were expected to be transported by air on Tuesday.

Race to Raisina goes along the expected lines

The counting of votes is scheduled to start at 11 a.m. on July 20.

In terms of the value of the votes, the Sikkim Assembly has the lowest of seven and Uttar Pradesh the highest of 208. The total value of the votes of the Electoral College, which comprises 776 MPs and 4,120 MLAs, is 10,98,903.

ELECTION OF THE PRESIDENT OF INDIA

Article 52 states that there shall be a President of India. The executive powers of the Union shall be vested in the President. He, as the head of a state, symbolises the nation. In some democratic systems, the head of the state is also the head of the government and, therefore, he will also be the head of the political executive. The US Presidency represents this form. In Britain, the monarch is the symbolic head, representing the British nation. The powers of the Government are vested in the political office of the Prime Minister. In Indian Parliamentary democracy we have adopted the latter form. The President of India is the first citizen and represents the Indian nation and does not, therefore, belong to any particular political party. He is elected by the representatives of the people through an Electoral College.
Article 54 of the constitution says:
"The President shall be elected by the members of an electoral college consisting of -
(a) The elected members of both Houses of Parliament and
(b) The elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States (including National Capital Territory of Delhi and the Union Territory of Pondicherry vide the Constitution 70th amendment Act, 1992)."
Thus in the election of the President the citizens play no direct part and he is elected indirectly by the representatives or the people, like the American President but no special electoral college is elected, as in the case of America. Another point of difference that may be noted is that the election of the President of India is by the system of proportional representation, by the single transferable vote, as provided by Article 55(3) of the Constitution, while the American President is elected by the straight vote system.

Preference For Indirect Election

The process of election of the President of India is original and no other Constitution contains a similar procedure. The question was considerably debated in the Constituent Assembly. It was argued by many members that the electoral college consisting of the elected members of Central Legislature as well as those of the Legislative Assemblies of the States was not sufficiently representative of Peoples' will. Some members, therefore, favoured the system of direct election by the people instead of an indirect round-about method, because such a system would be most democratic and it would make the President a direct choice of the nation. This was, however, not accepted. The main reasons which influenced the deliberations of the Constituent Assembly for determining indirect Presidential election are:
(1) Firstly, in a country following the Cabinet system of Government, the office of titular Chief Executive is a technical one, to the extent that its duties are largely prescribed by other authorities (usually by the Legislature), which requires specific competence for the performance of its duties from the incumbent. Very few voters can be competent to judge wisely of the technical abilities of the candidates for any particular office of this type, having specific, limited and defined functions.
(2) Secondly, if the direct election of the President were adopted, the Presidential candidate who has to carry on an election campaign from one corner of the country to another will certainly be put up by some party or the other, which may cause political excitement and generate party feelings. Thus the man elected to the Presidential office through this means will never be able to forget his party affiliations. So the ideal of getting a non-party man outside the turmoil of party passions and reasonably respected by all factions to assume the role of the head of the State will be defeated. Further, as India is almost a sub-continent with crores of enfranchised citizens, it would be impossible to provide an electoral machinery for the purpose of smooth and successful Presidential election.
(3) Lastly, a directly elected Chief Executive may not be content with his position of a mere constitutional head and can claim to derive his authority directly from the people. So, if he wanted to assume real power, it would lead to a constitutional deadlock and an inevitable clash with the Cabinet or real executive. This would definitely produce a confusion of responsibility.
Such a contingency had happened when under the French Constitution of 1848 the President of the French Republic, Louis Napoleon, was elected by the direct vote of the people, and by exploiting this system, he had overthrown the Republic to establish the empire with himself as emperor. To prevent the recurrence of such a contingency, the French people in their later constitutions discredited and abandoned the system of electing the head of State by the direct vote of the people.

Middle Course

A middle course was chosen by the framers of the Indian Constitution in order to make the Presidential office more broad-based. The electoral college for Presidential election has been expanded so as to include the elected members of the State Assemblies all over India, which means that the President is chosen by the nation as a whole, indirectly, through the elected representatives of the people and is thus not the representative of a particular constituency but of the nation. Through this device he is also not necessarily to be a man of the majority party in Parliament. This has also the additional advantage of investing the President with greater moral independence and authority which would have not been possible, had he been a man virtually elected by the majority party in Parliament.
This indirect election of the President of India takes place with the participation of both directly elected members of Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies, and indirectly-elected members of Rajya Sabha. Each citizen of India is represented in Parliament and the State Legislative Assembly, because, the members of Lok Sabha and MLAs are elected on the basis of universal adult suffrage. The members nominated by the President have no right to vote in this election. Similarly, the members of the Legislative Councils of the State Legislatures, wherever they exist, have also been excluded from the electoral college.

Some Pertinent Questions

The Presidential election is not free from difficulties. Election of the President can be held even if some seats in the Electoral College are vacant. Such election cannot be called in question on the ground of any vacancy existing for whatever reasons, among the members of the Electoral College electing a person either as President or Vice-President. Further, a President in office can change the composition of the Electoral College by dissolving one or more hostile Legislative Assemblies under Article 172(1) or 174(26) or under 356(1) of the Constitution of India.
Under such circumstances how can there by uniformity in the scale of representation? Is it under "as far as practicable?" Article 71(4), therefore, may be construed as repugnant to the purposes embodied in Article 55(4). Further, Article 55 is conspicuously silent on whether there will be representation of all or each State in the Presidential election, although there is vacancy in the electoral College. It only provides for "the different States." Since there is no guarantee to ensure non-vacancy in the Presidential Electoral College, the phrase, "the elected members of Legislative Assemblies of States" means only those who are actually in office at the time of Presidential Election.
The elected members of a suspended Assembly are entitled to take part in the Presidential election. For example, the MLAs of Rajasthan participated in the Presidential Election in 1967 though the Assembly was kept under suspended animation under Article 356(1) (c) of the Constitution.
So also the MLAs of Bihar had cast their votes in the Presidential Election of 1969. But holding of election at a time when the House of the People stands dissolved could be simply a dangerous practice. In view of these possible mischiefs, neither the Constitution nor the Eleventh Amendment provided for any remedy against creation of calculated or premeditated vacancies in the electoral college.
The framers of the Constitution have not provided against election of the President by a lame-duck Electoral College. It is generally expected that a newly-elected Electoral College will elect the President but the new Electoral College might not have come into existence when the Presidential Election is due or the term of the House of People is extended under Article 83(2) of the Constitution. If the term of the House is extended, the President may be elected by the lame-duck Electoral College. Under Article 56(1)(c), the President continues in office until his successor enters upon the office. It can neither be extended nor postponed under normal circumstances.
The Presidential election must be held before the expiration of his term of office. The Election Commission shall issue the notification on or as soon as conveniently may be, after, the sixtieth day before the expiration of the term of office of the out-going President or Vice-President, as the case may be. The election of the President must be completed within the time fixed by Article 62(1). Thus, the time limit is mandatory.
In case of death, resignation or removal by impeachment, the election of the President by the lame-duck Electoral College is imperative. There is scope for the exercise of discretion by the Election commission of India in favour of the party in power by completing the election by the lame-duck Electoral College within the prescribed period of sixty days. But there should be a categorical provision in the constitution prohibiting such Presidential election by the Electoral College.
However, the architects of the constitution intended an extensive electoral college as a necessary institutional prerequisite for their own conception of the office. The Presidential constituency is wider than the constituencies meant for electing the members of the Union Parliament. It also does not embrace the entire national electorate. Consequently, the incumbent does not remain responsible to the Union Parliament alone. Being indirectly elected, the President is not likely to develop political ambitions so as to provide alternate political leadership. The nature of composition of the Presidential Electoral College has made him the golden thread of Federal relationship. In the context of the recently-emerging federal trends of the Indian constitutional system and the radical changes in the political scene after 1967, the Presidential office is pregnant with possibilities of far-reaching consequences and even as the actual balancing-wheel of our federal polity.

Procedure for the Election of the President

The Constitution provides for the election of the President by the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote. The Constitution also provides for weighting of votes in the election of the President based on two fundamental principles. First, to secure as far as possible, uniformity in the scale of representation of different States of the Union, which emphasises the similarity in the status of the States of the Union. And secondly, to secure parity between the States as a whole and the Union in order to work up the idea of federal compact. For the purpose of securing such uniformity and parity the following method is laid down. this method makes the Presidential election complicated.
In order to secure uniformity in the scale of representation of the different States it is provided that every elected member of the Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) of a State has to cast as many votes as there are multiples of one thousand in the quotient obtained by dividing the population of the State by the total number of elected members of the Assembly, and if, after taking the said multiples of one thousand, the remainder is not less than five hundred, the votes of each member referred to above are further increased by one. To put it in simpler words, each member of the electoral college who is a member of a State Legislative Assembly will have a number of votes calculated as follows:
Total Population of the State
------------------------------------------------------------------------- Divided by 1000
Total number of elected members in the Legislative Assembly.

Fractions exceeding one half being counted as one.
The following illustrations explain the method of calculation:
(i) "The population of Andhra Pradesh is 43,502,708. Let us take the total number of elected members in the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh to be 294. To obtain the number of votes which each such elected member will be entitled to cast at the election of the President we have first to divide 43,502,708 (which is the population) by 294 (which is the total number of elected members), and then to divide the quotient by 1,000. In this case the quotient is 147,968.3945. The number of votes which each such member will be entitled to cast would be 147,968.3945/1000 i.e. 148.
(ii) Again, the population of Punjab is 1,35,51,060. Let us take the total number of elected members of the Legislature of Punjab to be 117. Now applying the aforesaid process, if we divide 1,35,51,060 (i.e. the population) by 117 (i.e. the total number of elected members), the quotient is 115821.0256. Therefore, the number of votes which each member of the Punjab Legislature would be entitled to cast is 115,821.0256/1000 i.e. 116.
Each elected member of either House of Parliament shall have such number of votes as may be obtained by dividing the total number of votes assigned to the members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States under sub-clauses (a) and (b) by the total number of the elected members of both Houses of Parliament, fractions exceeding one-half being counted as one and other fractions being disregarded.
Total number of votes assigned to the elected members of the State Assemblies
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total number of elected members of both Houses of the Parliament
Fractions exceeding one-half being counted as one.
For the Presidential election, the population of a State is taken to be the population at the last preceding census.

Proportional Representation

Article 55(3) of Indian Constitution requires that the President should be elected in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.
The underlying principle of proportional representation is to prevent the exclusion of minorities from the benefits of the State, and to give each minority group an effective share in the political life. The aim of proportional representation is to give every division of opinion among electors corresponding representation in national or local assemblies. In the ordinary mode of election known as "straight voting system", what happens is that a candidate getting the support of the numerically largest group is elected, although the combined strength of all other candidates representing different other parties may far out-number his supporters. The result is that the elected candidate cannot be said to represent the opinion of the majority of the electorate as a whole. The following illustrations will amply reveal this fact.
In Nandigram South (Midnapore) constituency of the West Bengal State, the following is the ledger of polling:
P.C. Jena (Congress) 15,320
Bhupal Panda (Communist Party) 14,926
I.C. Mahapatra (Jan Sangh) 5,204
K.L. Bera (KMPP) 3,184
38,634
It may be noticed that though 23,314 people voted against the Congress and only 15,320 in favour of it, yet the seat went to Congress.
This kind of anomaly is sought to be avoided by the system of Proportional Representation, and it is claimed that if this system is practised all the parties or shades of political opinion amongst the electorate will secure the number of seats in the elected body according to their respective strength amongst the electorate.

How the Single Transferable Vote System Works

The best known form of Proportional Representation is that of the "Single Transferable Vote", which means that each elector has only one vote, irrespective of the number of seats to be filled up. For instance, if there are six seats to be filled up, the elector does not cast six votes but indicates six successive preferences, by marking his first preference and the succeeding preferences with the appropriate numerals against the name of candidates printed on his ballot paper.

Quota of Votes

In the ordinary straight voting system a candidate who secures the highest number of votes is declared elected, while under the Proportional Representation system any member who secures the necessary quota of votes is declared elected. There are several ways of finding out the quota, but the most common method is to divide the total number of valid votes cast by the total number of seats in the constituency plus one and add one to the quotient. The formula may be represented as follows:
Total number of valid votes cast
Quota = ----------------------------------------------------------- +1
Total number of seats to be filled +1
Supposing there are 100 valid voting papers and four seats are to be filled up. In order, therefore, to determine the quota 100 is divided by 4 plus 1, i.e. 5 and the quotient arrived at, namely 20, is increased by one so that the quota is 21. After the quota is fixed, any candidate whose total number of first preference votes is equal to or exceeds the quota is forthwith declared elected.

Distribution of Surplus Votes

Each successful candidate's surplus votes of first preferences which are now of no use to him, are transferred to other candidates proportionately to the second preferences indicated on the whole of his papers (except that the second preferences shown for any other candidate already elected are ignored and the third preferences on those papers taken instead). The point is that every vote shall be made effective and not allowed to go waste, while under the ordinary system of representation, the votes of many electors are of no use.

Elimination of the Bottom Candidate

If all the seats are filled upon this second count, the election is completed. But if all the required number of candidates do not reach the quota by the distribution of surplus first preferences votes of the candidates who have received more than the quota, the process is reversed by dropping out the candidate who has the least number of first preferences. The whole of his votes are transferred to the other not yet elected candidates in accordance with the next available preferences shown on his papers (next available means next excluding candidates already elected). If this does not suffice to fill the remaining seat or seats, the process is repeated by the exclusion of the candidate now at the bottom of polls and the transfer of his votes as a whole in accordance with the next available preferences shown on his papers. Eventually in this way all seats are filled.
Irrespective of the fact that a number of seats may have to be filled, this system postulates one vote for each voter with the reservation that this single vote is transferred to other candidates. This is the reason why this system is known as "single transferable vote system."
The question of proportional representation in one sense can arise only in a multiple-member constituency when there are several seats to be filled up. In that case, the surplus votes are transferred to or distributed amongst the different candidates in order to get the number of members required to be elected, according to the procedure indicated above. Under the Constitution of India members of the Upper House of Parliament and of the State Legislature are elected according to the above formula.

How Proportional Representation Works in the Election of the Indian President

In the case of the election of the President and the Vice-President there is, however, only one member to be elected. In this case, the Government of India has, nevertheless, prescribed the manner in which the proportional representation is to work. The method prescribed is generally known as the "alternative vote" in a single-member constituency. The following illustration would explain it more fully.
The total number of valid votes is 15,000 and there are four candidates, A,B,C,D. Suppose, they have polled votes as follows:
A ..... ..... ..... ..... 5,250
B ..... ..... ..... ..... 4,800
C ..... ..... ..... ..... 2,700
D ..... ..... ..... ..... 2,250
In the ordinary system of election by simple majority vote, A would be elected forthwith since a voter in this system marks only one preference and as such no question of counting any further preferences, say the second or the third, arises. In the case of the "alternative vote system" it is, however, not so, as it may be that the second best candidate may be declared elected, as against the candidate who might have secured the majority of first preference votes. In the illustration mentioned above the quota will be -
15,000
-------- +1 = 7501
1 + 1
No candidate who secures less than 7,501 votes can, in this case of election through the system of proportional representation, be elected. It thus follows that if a candidate is able to secure 7,501 or more first preference votes in his favour, he is immediately declared elected and there does not remain any need to take a second or subsequent count. But if, as in the given case, no candidate has secured this quota, the subsequent preferences have to be counted, until a candidate securing the prescribed limit of votes is found out. The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Election Rules 1952 prescribes the procedure for counting up the subsequent preferences as follows:
"- If at the end of the first or any subsequent count, the total number of votes credited to any candidate is equal to, or greater than, the quota, or there is any one continuing candidate, that candidate is declared elected.
- If at the end of any count, no candidate can be declared elected -
(a) exclude the candidate who upto that stage has been credited with the lowest number of votes;
(b) examine all the ballot papers in his parcel and sub-parcels, arrange the unexhausted papers in sub-parcels according to the next available preferences recorded thereon for the continuing candidates; count the number of votes in each such sub-parcel and credit it to the candidate for whom such preference is recorded; transfer the sub-parcel of all the exhausted papers; and
(c) see whether any of the continuing candidates has, after such transfer and credit, secured the quota. If, when a candidate has to be excluded under clause (a) above, two or more candidates have been credited with the same number of votes and stand lowest on the poll, exclude that candidate who has secured the lowest number of first preferences votes, and if that number also was the same in the case of two or more candidates, decide by lot which of them shall be excluded.
All sub-parcels of exhausted papers referred to in clause (b) above, shall be set apart as finally dealt with and the votes recorded thereon shall not thereafter be taken into account."
It would, therefore, be seen that in case where no member has obtained the quota votes fixed for election, the prescribed method of transfer of votes follows a process of elimination of the candidate who is at the lowest rung in the order of polling according to the first preference and so on, till at last such a candidate is found who has obtained the quota of votes or if there is no such candidate, all candidates except one are, one after the other, eliminated from the field. The candidate who survives the process of elimination is in such a case returned as the President or Vice-President, as the case may be.
An application of this process to the illustration given above would reveal that D will be the first to be eliminated, and the second preferences recorded in the 2,250 ballot papers on which he has obtained the first preference will be transferred to the remaining candidates, namely A, B, and C. Supposing in these 2250 ballot papers the second preferences are recorded as follows:-
In favour of A ..... ..... 300
B ..... ..... 1050
C ..... ..... 900
These will be transferred and added to the first preferences in favour of A, B and C as follows:-
A ..... 5,250 + 300 = 5,550
B ..... 4,800 + 1050 = 5,850
C ..... 2,700 + 900 = 3,600
Now in the second count, therefore, C having obtained the last number of votes is eliminated and 3,600 votes secured by him are once again transferred to A and B in the order of third preferences recorded thereon. Suppose the third preferences on the 3,600 ballot papers recorded in favour of A and B are 1700 and 1900 respectively the result of this second transfer would then be as under:
A ..... 5,550 + 1,700 = 7,250
B ..... 5,850 + 1,900 = 7,750
B having, therefore, in this case secured the quota of votes is elected and it is no longer necessary to count the fourth preference. The illustration thus shows that although B had secured lesser number of first preferences votes as compared to A, yet B is elected by virtue of the second preferences obtained by him. This apparently anomalous result is justified on the reasoning that if the views of the electors are assessed through the doctrine of proportional representation it is clearly revealed that B is preferred and supported by a numerically larger number of electors than A and as such he is the one elected by a majority.
The present system of election for the President has been adopted under the Constitution of India, in order to maintain the neutrality of the head of State, which both the ceremonial functions in any federation and the specific powers under a parliamentary system demand and also to render it acceptable to as wide a body of opinion as possible. But it should be remembered that the presidential office can be kept above political turmoils only if the majority party at the Centre willingly consults minority parties also before a nomination is announced. This is desirable because, despite the provision that for the election of the President the votes of the members of Parliament be equal to those of the Assemblies of all the States taken together, the possibility cannot be set aside that State Legislatures may at any time be dominated by parties other than the party in power at the Centre and in such a case they might be able to defeat a nominee of the majority party at the Centre.

TENTH PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION, 1992

The term of the Eighth President Shri R. Venkataraman was to expire on 24.07.1992. Tenth Presidential Election was to be held before that date. The Electoral College consisted of elected members of Lok Sabha (543), Rajya Sabha (233) and 25 State Legislative Assemblies (3972). Thus the total electors were 4748.
Each Member of Parliament had 702 votes and the number of votes for each Member of the State Legislative Assemblies differed from State to State on the basis of the population. The lowest value of votes was for the MLAs of Sikkim State (07) and the highest value of votes was for the MLAs of Uttar Pradesh (208). The value of votes was calculated on the basis of 1971 census. At the time of this election the Legislative Assemblies of J&K and Nagaland were under dissolution.
Following were the number of votes polled by the candidates:-
1. Dr Shanker Dayal Sharma 6,75,864
2. Shri G.G. Swell 3,46,485
3. Shri Ram Jethmalani 2,704
4. Kaka Joginder Singh Urf Dharti-Pakad 1,135
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TOTAL 10,26,188
Dr Shankar Dayal Sharma was declared elected by the Returning Officer on 16.07.1992. He assumed office on 25.07.1992.

HOW TO PREPARE FOR CIVILS PRELIMS

IAS aspirants often go through interviews and articles of various toppers about their strategies for the UPSC Civil Services Exam but the mantra of the exam is to always build your own strategy. To take the best out of everything available around you is the first key ingredient of success. In the course of preparation, I approached different places/institutes for just getting what I feel best in them. So, from now onwards, look everything from your perspective, even this article also and evaluate whether it is right or not for yourself and build your own strategy.Second most important thing, according to me, is evaluating oneself in course of preparation. Understand your strengths and weakness and work over it. For instance, after my first attempt I faced difficulty in getting good marks in my optional and decided to change it. After my second attempt I felt that I seriously needed to work hard on GS part as well, thereby I worked particularly over answer writing, which I found to be a game changer in this journey from Rank 575 to Rank 3.Further, always believe that hard work is the ultimate key for success. This is the only thing we can bank upon throughout the journey of preparation. I have lived this journey through sheer hard work in different phases, even at times when I was engulfed with the negative feeling that whether, I will ever be able to clear this examination or not. Always be calm, be persistent in your goal and always remember and believe in the reasons why you want to be a Civil Servant in your tough phases. This approach will not only help you in crossing the barriers but also in coming out with flying colors.And, the last but not the least ingredient is Self-Belief. Whenever you feel low, talk to your parents, mentors and well-wishers, try to get positive vibes from them. In the course of preparation we, many times, have self-doubt but that is normal. Try to get motivation from wherever you can.  I understand our core aim is to clear the examination and it should be that way. But live this journey from the perspective of becoming a better human being and transforming oneself into a Change Agent. Have the self-belief that you will not only crack this examination but be the change that we all aspire in the society!Strategy for PrelimsI hope that your preparation for the prelims will be going on in full swing and you might be going through the feeling of fear and lack of confidence. So, before you appear for the prelims, I will discuss here the strategies that I followed for Prelims. I would like to talk about some Do's & Dont’s for the prelims examination.lDon't change your own strategy:  In the last 1 month before the exam try to restrict yourself to the resources and follow the simple mantra " Revise Revise and Revise"l Previous year UPSC Papers:  This is the only thing that I would suggest if any of the  aspirants haven't solved them yet, do it . It will not only help you in understanding areas on which one needs to focus more in last one month but also it will improve elimination as well as help you in time management in the examination hall.l Time Management in last one month:  Prelims examination is on 3rd of June. Just try to make schedule for rest of the days. It will help you in two ways, firstly you will remain calm and confident that everything will be covered before you go into actual exam and secondly it increases your efficiency on daily basis. This is something that I realized, after doing mistakes and correcting it in my journey but follow it only if you feel it is right for you based upon your own strength and weakness.l Health :  Just take care of your health in last one month as it's the most crucial time and you may save 10-20 minutes or an hour at max by neglecting diet or exercise but if God forbid one gets sick, it can take away 3-4 days straight.l During Examination:  When you enter the examination hall, just say to yourself you are the best, I will definitely clear this. Believe me it works; it gives a sense of confidence and reduces performance pressure. Further, fill all your particulars with extra caution. It might happen you might mark one or two questions wrong mistakenly even after knowing it (It happened with me twice). Don't panic and just try to focus on rest of the questions. Don't let one mistake spoil your entire paper.Some Tips for Preliminary Examination1)  Make Mnemonics:  It will help you in remembering factual information in the examination hall. For instance:a. BaChPaN  + MBA-To remember length of boundary india shares in decreasing order-Bangladesh, China, Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar, Bhutan, Afghanistan.b. PATNA : To remember Missiles under integrated program. Prithvi Agni Trishul Nag Akashc. MBBS PAIN: Trick to Remember SAARC Countries- Maldives Bangladesh Bhutan Sri Lanka Pakistan Afghanistan India NepalIt works. It will really help you while preparing and remembering important facts.2) Extreme options / Sweeping Statements are likely to be wrong: (Caution: It is not a rule but just a observation)Rest I believe, everyone is working hard to crack this examination, might have planned out how to go about prelims this year. Now I would like to discuss strategy for those of you who will be writing Prelims next year or thereafter:First of all, the resources that I have referred during my preparation:Ancient History: Old NCERT by RS SharmaMedieval History: Old NCERT by Satish ChandraModern History: Old NCERT by Bipan Chandra and SpectrumArt and Culture: NCERT 11th class book on Art & Nitin Singhania's notesPolity: Indian Constitution at Work, LaxmikantEconomy: Mrunal's videos, NCERTs of Economics of Class 12th, Indian Economy Key Concepts by SankarganeshGeography: NCERTs, Rajtanil Ma'am lectures of Geography on Mrunal's Youtube ChannelMapping: Orient Blackswan AtlasEnvironment: Shankar's and GkToday Environment ModuleScience: 11th and 12th NCERTsCurrent Affairs: Vision and Insights Prelims Exclusive MagazinesThese are the extensive resources that I followed in last 3 years and was able to crack it every time. But I would again like to flag -  try to restrict resources you will be referring for examination and focus more on revision. Ultimately one needs to remember important facts or clear understanding of basic concepts in the examination to mark right option.Making best out of various Resources:  Again, I would like to highlight just try to find out best from different resources and stick to it. I took help of NCERT              for revision sticky notes on important pages.Sticking to the resources: While one is preparing for prelims, try to study in a holistic manner along with Mains preparation at least till 4 months before actual prelims examination. Try to go through all the NCERTs once for each subject along with one Standard book whichever you feel comfortable with.  Moreover, don't get distracted with the amount of resources you will be flooded with on the internet and in the market. One may feel, that he/she will get extra things or can learn more by reading more, but in the end you have to remember that one should have atleast 2-3 revisions. Try to have concise notes on each topic even if you read from different resources by compiling best out of different resources at one place, so that you can revise twice or thrice before examination.Short Notes: Try to make short notes and Mnemonics on different topics, it would really help you in revising at last moment in a swift manner. Just try to build concise things so that you can revise in a swift manner.Importance of Test Series and Peer group:  Further, try to build a good peer group, which can motivate you all throughout preparation. Peer group helps not only in making one efficient with competitive feeling but one can also get benefitted in understanding areas he/she is not comfortable. My peer group has helped a lot and in many instances when I was not good at certain topics. There will be many ups and downs, it is important to maintain continuity. For this, one can follow any one good test series. It can help in two ways , firstly scheduling as well as maintaining tempo of preparation all throughout. When you feel comfortable overall across the subjects, do solve previous 10 years prelims paper.Time Management: This is one of the key areas. Here I would say, try to have a target plan for next 3-4 months and then divide it into monthly and weekly plans. Further based upon your schedule, divide it into daily targets. Let's say, one is working, he/she can put more things on weekends or on holidays and light on working days.I have already written about last 15 days strategy which I feel is one of the most crucial phases in prelims examination. I wish you all the best for all your endeavors!